March 30, 1981: President Ronald Reagan is shot in an assassination attempt. It happens as he's walking to his car outside the Washington Hilton.
It was 2:27 PM. A few minutes later, the news reached my mother and me, at the library in East Brunswick, New Jersey. I don't remember why I was there, instead of in school: It was a Monday, not during Spring Break (Easter wasn't until April 19 that year), and I was in the 6th grade, at a school that let out at 2:35. Maybe it was a half-day, due to parent-teacher conferences, or something like that.
No President had been assassinated since John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. My mother was in her senior year of high school; my father, in his senior year of college. Both were sent home early. There were 2 assassination attempts against Gerald Ford in September 1975, but neither came close to succeeding. So this was the first close call that I could remember, and it remains the only one.
Reagan was at the Hilton to give a speech at a luncheon of labor union executives. In his previous career, Reagan was not merely an actor, but served a term as President of an actors' union, the Screen Actors Guild. But he had turned on his fellow actors, and named names of those he suspected of Communist ties, and was never trusted by actors again. By 1965 -- at 54, hardly an age at which actors were, then as now, considered to be done -- his acting career was over.
He went into politics, and was elected Governor of California in 1966 and 1970. Supporters of his made a halfhearted effort to get the Republican Party to nominate him for President in 1968. In 1976, he nearly derailed the nomination of the incumbent President, Gerald Ford, who then lost to Jimmy Carter. In 1980, Reagan gave it one more try, and beat Carter.
Reagan was not friendly toward labor unions once he left SAG. This became obvious later in the year: Having survived the shooting, he exercised his authority as President to fire the striking members of PATCO, the union of air-traffic controllers. American organized labor has never recovered from the Reagan Years.
But that was yet to come. There was no reason to believe that Reagan was shot due to his stance on labor. Secret Service Agents immediately pounced on the shooter: John W. Hinckley Jr., then 25, a mentally ill man who never should have had access to a gun. A court would find him not guilty by reason of insanity, and he remained incarcerated at a hospital for the criminally insane until 2016. With some irony, he shares his birthday, May 29, with John F. Kennedy.
Hinckley, not particularly caring that anyone other than Reagan might be hit, also shot White House Press Secretary James Brady. He was paralyzed, and an early report said that he had died. He was confined to a wheelchair, and became an advocate for gun control.
Secret Service Agent Timothy McCarthy was wounded. He remains the only Secret Service Agent ever to, as the common saying goes, "take a bullet for the President." In spite of this, he was the least seriously wounded man in the attempt. He later became his Illinois hometown's chief of police.
Thomas Delahanty, a D.C. police officer, was there as part of Reagan's security detail because his usual duty had been interrupted: He was part of a police dog unit, and his dog was sick. The shooting happened so fast that he couldn't do much about it, and he's always regretted that. He was released from the hospital a day before Reagan was. He returned to the Pittsburgh area from whence he came.
Alfred Antenucci and Frank McNamara, both labor officials from Cleveland and among the luncheon's guests, helped to tackle Hinckley.
Reagan was pushed into the Presidential limousine by Secret Service Agent Jerry Parr, and taken to George Washington University Hospital, a few blocks away. The limo arrived just 4 minutes after the shooting. Reagan was able to walk in, and said to the staff, "Please tell me you're all Republicans." Dr. Joseph Giordano, Chairman of GWUH's Department of Surgery, was a registered Democrat, but told him, "Today, Mr. President, we are all Republicans."
Dr. Benjamin L. Aaron operated on Reagan for 1 hour and 45 minutes, and was able to remove the bullet and stabilize him. The bullet had come within 1 inch of Reagan's heart, and his blood pressure had gotten dangerously low. He had come closer to death than anyone realized.
Meanwhile, there was chaos at the White House. Reagan hadn't signed anything invoking Article 3 of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, turning power over to Vice President George Bush. Bush was on a plane, and word reached him via the plane's radio, and he ordered the plane turned around. But his Air Force Two plane was not as technologically advanced as the planes that served the President as Air Force One, and there was no secure line of communication, so he couldn't give orders as Acting President without risking national security.
The highest-ranking official in the executive branch was the Secretary of State, in this case Alexander Haig, a former U.S. Army 4-star General, and White House Chief of Staff when Richard Nixon resigned the Presidency and handed it over to Gerald Ford.
Note the date on the cover: March 16, 1981,
2 weeks before the assassination attempt.
But between Bush and Haig in the line of succession were the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Thomas "Tip" O'Neill, a Democrat, and at 68 nearly as old as Reagan; and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, a Republican like Reagan and Bush, but even older, 78, and with a history of supporting segregation.
What could Haig do? Ask O'Neill to come over to the White House, and be the Acting President until Bush got there? The 25th Amendment was supposed to cover a President's physical or mental inability to do the job. But, in this case, the Vice President, while his ability was unquestioned, didn't have a secure line, and thus, by association, could not be trusted. This was a situation for which there was still no Constitutional provision. Subsequent Air Force Twos would have a secure line and prevent this from ever happening again, but that didn't help on March 30, 1981.
So Larry Speakes, Brady's deputy as White House Press Secretary, was stuck answering questions from the White House press corps, questions to which no one seemed to have any answers. Haig came out, explained things as best he could, and said, "As of right now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President, and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course."
Of course.
Now, for the executive branch, that was true. But Haig made it look like he had orchestrated a coup d'etat. He never recovered from this, and further missteps led him to resign on June 25, 1982. George Shultz, who had been one of Nixon's Secretaries of the Treasury, served as Secretary of State for the rest of Reagan's tenure. Haig never served in public office again, and died in 2010.
In the recovery room, the first people Reagan saw were some of his staff members: White House Chief of Staff James Baker, Baker's deputy Michael Deaver, and White House Press Secretary Lyn Nofziger. (In the terms of the later TV show The West Wing, the posts held by Leo McGarry, Joshua Lyman and Toby Ziegler.) Reagan looked at them, and said, "Who's minding the store?" It may have seemed funny to him then, but he was not, as yet, aware of the Haig drama.
When his wife Nancy was let in, Reagan quoted Jack Dempsey's line after losing the Heavyweight Championship of the World to Gene Tunney in 1926, when Reagan was in high school: "Honey, I forgot to duck."
The fact that Reagan had survived his assassination attempt, and that the last Democratic President to be popular, John F. Kennedy, did not survive his helped to raise Reagan's legend: He got shot and lived, Democrats, so he must be better than your beloved Kennedy.
He was released on April 11. He made a full recovery, although speculation on what the experience did to him, and to Nancy, psychologically has run rampant. He was re-elected in 1984, and served out his 2nd term.
In 1994, he announced that he had Alzheimer's disease. This had been suspected by the public as early as his re-election campaign. Even before that, in spite of his wit and sense of humor, Reagan was often thought of as not particularly intelligent. Certainly, he was intellectually lazy, and believed many things that were untrue, even ridiculous. He died in 2004.
For all but the 1st 69 days of Reagan's Presidency, the aptly-named Larry Speakes had to serve as White House Press Secretary, even though Jim Brady was never officially removed from the post. The White House Press Room was later named for Brady. Despite his ailments, Brady actually outlived Speakes by a few months, as Speakes also developed Alzheimer's. Both men died in 2014.
Nancy Reagan lived until 2016. George H.W. Bush was re-elected with Reagan in 1984, and elected President in his own right in 1988, but was defeated by Bill Clinton in 1992. He lived until 2018.
Agent Jerry Parr lived until 2015. The labor officials who tackled Hinckley weren't so lucky: Both men became ill not long afterward. Frank McNamara died just 6 months after the assassination attempt, only 62 years old; and Alfred Antenucci died in 1984 at 71.
As of March 30, 2022, Agent Tim McCarthy, Officer Thomas Delahanty, Drs. Joseph Giordano and Benjamin Aaron -- and John Hinckley -- are all still alive.
UPDATE: Giordano died in 2025. Despite some halfhearted, and considerably less-than-that-brained, attempts on the lives of both George Bushes, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, there wasn't a serious attempt on the life of another President until Donald Trump in 2024 -- and he wasn't in office at the time, and there is plenty of evidence that that one was staged.
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March 30, 1981, as I said, was a Monday. It was scheduled as the day of the Final of the NCAA men's basketball tournament, to be held at The Spectrum in Philadelphia. Had Reagan died -- or, perhaps, if his life was still considered to be in danger as tipoff approached -- the game might have been postponed. Instead, with the knowledge that he was in recovery, the game went forward, with a moment of silence held after player introductions.
Indiana University beat the University of North Carolina, 63-50. Bobby Knight's Hoosiers included Hall-of-Famer Isiah Thomas. Dean Smith's Tar Heels included Hall-of-Famer James Worthy. (Michael Jordan was in his senior year at Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, but had committed to play at UNC. Laney was a prominent businessman in Wilmington.)
The Major League Baseball season had not yet begun. Opening Day would not be until April 8, so any games played on this day were still exhibitions in Spring Training, and didn't count. And the National Football League was in its off-season.
Nor were there any games played in the National Basketball Association: Its regular season had ended the day before, and its Playoffs had not yet begun. There were 2 National Hockey League games played. The New York Rangers played the Philadelphia Flyers to a 0-0 tie at Madison Square Garden. And the Boston Bruins and the Buffalo Sabres played to a 2-2 tie at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium.
