August 22, 1922: The Assassination of Michael Collins

August 22, 1922: Michael Collins is assassinated in Béal na Bláth, County Cork, Ireland. He was only 31 years old.

"The Big Fellow" was born 19 miles away, also in County Cork, in Woodfield. Here, sports led to larger history. At the time, the entirety of Ireland was still part of the British Empire. Collins' father, and most of the male role models he sought out after he was 6, when his father died, had been involved in Ireland's occasional rebellions.

Nevertheless, at age 15, he took a civil service exam, passed it, and was rewarded with a job in London, the Empire's capital. While living there, he was a member of the London County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association, the governing body for traditional Irish sports such as "Gaelic football" and hurling. So sports had an effect on history in this case: This association brought him into contact with rebels trying to establish Irish independence. In 1915, he moved to New York to work in a bank, a job that lasted one year.

Thus, the executions of the Easter Rising of 1916 did not include him. Indeed, the removal of several of the cause's leaders meant that others had to step in, and this aided his rise through the ranks. His background, working in banks in the Irish communities of London and New York, led to his appointment as the Minister for Finance in the early Republic of Ireland. He became Adjutant General for the Irish Volunteers, and became renowned for his guerrilla warfare strategy.

Sent to London to negotiate peace terms, he was offered a treaty that would establish the Irish Free State -- with an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown. The British Crown, held by King George V. In other words, this "Free State" would have another nation's head of state as its own -- just like Canada, Australia, and a few other "independent nations." Collins accepted this compromise, calling it "the freedom to achieve freedom." Some in the Provisional Government did not, and the end of the Irish War of Independence led to the beginning of the Irish Civil War.

Collins was named Chairman of the Provisional Government and commander-in-chief of the National Army. On August 22, 1922, returning from a visit to Cork City, a rebel stronghold, his convoy stopped at around 7:15 PM, at a bar called Long's Pub. It is now named the Diamond Bar. They were ambushed.

A recent photo of the Diamond Bar

Collins' aide, Emmet Dalton (as far as I know, no relation to the outlaw of the same name in 19th Century America's Wild West), ordered the driver of Collins' armored car to "Drive like hell!" But Collins said, "No, stop, and we'll fight 'em!" A great example of "famous last words." Collins jumped out of the vehicle with his Lee Enfield rifle. He and his men fired from behind the car, which had a Vickers machine gun. But the Vickers jammed, and was of no use.

Collins' car, restored

Collins moved back, his men presuming that it was to get a better view. He got off a couple of shots, and was reloading when he was hit in the head from a shot by former British Army sniper Denis "Sonny" O'Neill, a native of West Cork who had met Collins on a few occasions, before the split in the Irish nationalist ranks. Collins was the only man to die in the firefight.

O'Neill was granted a pension by the post-civil war government, and worked for a board of elections before dying peacefully in 1950.

Collins was played by Brendan Gleeson in the 1991 made-for-TV film The Treaty, by Liam Neeson in the 1996 film Michael Collins, and by Gavin Drea in the 2019 film Resistance.

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August 22, 1922 was a Tuesday. These Major League Baseball games were played that day:

* The New York Yankees lost to the Cleveland Indians, 6-2 at the Polo Grounds. Bullet Joe Bush was outpitched by George "the Mule" Uhle. Babe Ruth went 0-for-4, but he did drive in a run with a groundout. Tris Speaker not only managed the Indians to victory, but hit a home run.

* The New York Giants beat the Cincinnati Reds, 7-3 at Redland Field in Cincinnati. It was renamed Crosley Field in 1934.

* The Brooklyn Robins beat the Chicago Cubs, 5-4 at Cubs Park in Chicago. From 1914 to 1931, while Wilbert Robinson was their manager, the Dodgers were officially named the Robins. Cubs Park was renamed Wrigley Field in 1926.

* The St. Louis Browns beat the Boston Red Sox, 9-4 at Fenway Park in Boston. Urban Shocker, a once-and-future Yankee, outpitched Herb Pennock, a future Yankee.

* The Detroit Tigers swept a doubleheader from the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park in Philadelphia. The Tigers won the opener, 6-4; and the nightcap, 17-3. Over the course of the 2 games, Ty Cobb went 4-for-10. Bobby Veach homered for the Tigers in both games.

* A doubleheader was split at Griffith Stadium in Washington. The Washington Senators won the 1st game, 4-2. The Chicago White Sox won the 2nd game, 3-0. Frank Mack pitched a 5-hit shutout, and got 2 hits to support his own cause.

* The Pittsburgh Pirates beat the Philadelphia Phillies, 4-3 at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh.

* The Boston Braves and the St. Louis Cardinals appear not to have been scheduled to play. 

July 20, 1969: Man On the Moon

July 20, 1969: At 4:17 PM, U.S. Eastern Time, the lunar module Eagle, of the Apollo 11 mission, landed on the Sea of Tranquility, on the side of the Moon facing Earth, 4 days after being launched from the John F. Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, on the Atlantic Coast of Florida.

(From 1963, when President Kennedy was assassinated, until 1973, the launch site was known as Cape Kennedy. The Florida legislature changed the name back. Since the NASA facility was still named for JFK, the Kennedy family publicly accepted the decision.)

The mission's commander was Lieutenant Junior Grade Neil Alden Armstrong, U.S. Navy, from Wapakoneta, in western Ohio, about halfway between Toledo and Dayton. In contact with Mission Control, in Houston, Texas, he spoke the 1st words any human had spoken from the surface of another body in our solar system: "Houston, Tranquility Base here: The Eagle has landed."

Left to right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin

With him, aboard Eagle, was the craft's pilot, Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr., U.S. Air Force, known as Buzz, of the New York suburb of Montclair, Essex County, New Jersey. Orbiting the Moon above them, in the command module Columbia, was Colonel Michael Collins, U.S. Air Force, who grew up in many places around the world, as his father was a high-ranking U.S. Army officer.

All 3 men reached their 39th birthdays during the course of calendar year 1969, and each was taking part in his 2nd spaceflight, with their 1st having happened in 1966: Armstrong had commanded Gemini 8, Collins had flown on Gemini 10, and Aldrin had flown on Gemini 12 in 1966.

At 10:56 PM, Armstrong stepped down the ladder on the side of Eagle, and put his left foot down on the surface of the Moon. He chose his 1st words very carefully, knowing that the whole world would remember them: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."

Except, between his Midwestern accent and the transmission of the words from the Moon to Houston, from Houston to the TV networks in New York, and from the networks in New York through the TV set speakers of the world, it sounded like he said, "One small step for man..." Which made no sense, as "man" and "mankind" were usually interchangeable.

It didn't matter. A man was standing on the Moon, and he was an American. Buzz Aldrin followed Armstrong a few minutes later. Four days later, they returned to Earth, and got a ticker-tape parade in New York City.

Every Summer, my grandparents rented a bungalow at South Seaside Park, on the Jersey Shore. This was that weekend for 1969. They, and my parents, watched the Moon landing at The Sand Bar. Not yet born, I tell people I had "an obstructed view." The bar is still there, and is now Chef Mike's Atlantic Bar & Grill, or "The ABG." It is 84 road miles south of Midtown Manhattan.

None of the Apollo 11 astronauts suffered any ill effects from their trip. None of them ever went into space again. None had to.

Aldrin, Collins & Armstrong honored at the White House

on the 40th Anniversary, 2009

Collins would be appointed an Assistant Secretary of State, and serve as the director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., where Columbia is on display. Aldrin battled clinical depression and alcoholism, recovered, and has become an advocate for recovery and for the space program.

Armstrong was, for a time, the most famous man in the world, more so than the President, the Pope, or any athlete. He could have used his fame to make gobs of money. Basically a private person, he chose not to. He taught at the University of Cincinnati, and served on the commissions that investigated the near-disaster of Apollo 13 in 1970 and the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986.

In 1985, he was part of an expedition to the North Pole, led by a man who wanted to bring "the world's greatest explorers" together. Also on the expedition was Sir Edmund Hillary, the New Zealander who became the 1st man to reach the summit of the world's highest mountain, Mount Everest in Nepal, in 1953. By a weird twist of fate, the Moon landing was on Hillary's 50th birthday.

Armstrong lived and worked on a farm near his Ohio hometown, and died of long-term heart trouble on August 25, 2012, at age 82. Collins died on April 28, 2021, at 90. As of July 20, 2022, Aldrin is still alive, at 92.

*

The manned Apollo missions: The dates, the commanding officer, the lunar module pilot, the command module pilot, the command module, the lunar module, and what the mission is known for:

* Apollo 7, October 11 to 22, 1968: Walter Schirra, Walter Cunningham, Donn Eisele, modules not named, the first 3-man U.S. space mission.

* Apollo 8, December 21 to 27, 1968: Frank Borman, James Lovell, William Anders, modules not named, the first Earth spacecraft to orbit the Moon, with the first view of the far side of the Moon shown to Earth, and the astronauts' Scripture reading on Christmas Eve.

* Apollo 9, March 3 to 13, 1969: James McDivitt, David Scott, Russell "Rusty" Schweickart, Gumdrop, Spider, testing of the separation and redocking of the modules while in lunar orbit.

* Apollo 10, May 18, to 26, 1969: Thomas Stafford, John Young, Gene Cernan, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, a full test of the lunar module, getting close to the Moon's surface, just to be sure it could be done, but not actually landing, and returning to dock with the command module.

* Apollo 11, July 16 to 24, 1969: Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, Michael Collins, Columbia, Eagle, the first landing on the Moon, and the first Moonwalk.

* Apollo 12, November 14 to 24, 1969: Charles "Pete" Conrad, Alan Bean, Richard Gordon, Yankee Clipper, Intrepid, landing near the unmanned probe Surveyor 3, seeking to study the effects of long-term "residence" of man-made objects on the Moon.

* Apollo 13, April 11 to 17, 1970: Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert, Odyssey, Aquarius, the near-disaster that meant they couldn't land on the Moon, and, with Odyssey without power, needed Aquarius' power to get back to Earth safely.

* Apollo 14, January 31 to February 9, 1971: Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, Stuart Roosa, the return to space after the Apollo 13 near-disaster. Shepard, who became the first American in space 10 years earlier, hit a golf ball on the Moon.

* Apollo 15, July 26 to August 7, 1971: David R. Scott, James Irwin, Alfred Worden, Endeavour, Falcon, the first use of the land vehicle known as the "lunar rover."

* Apollo 16, April 16 to 27, 1972: John Young, Charles Duke, Ken Mattingly, Casper, Orion, nothing particularly noteworthy, other than that Mattingly was supposed to be the command module pilot on Apollo 13, but got bumped for medical reasons, and got a second chance.

* Apollo 17, December 7 to 19, 1972: Gene Cernan, Harrison "Jack" Schmitt, Ronald Evans, America, Challenger, the longest-lasting Moon mission -- and, through July 20, 2022, the last.

*

Landing on the Moon. Reaching the highest mountain. Running a mile in under 4 minutes, as Roger Bannister became the 1st man to do in 1954. Flying between the mainlands of North America and Europe, as Charles Lindbergh became the 1st man to do in 1927. These were huge events. Big deals were made of them at the time.

I was born at the end of 1969, 5 months after this epochal event. My generation -- even people 4 or 5 years older than I am -- can't remember a time when there had never been a man on the Moon.

Of course, most of us can't remember there being a man on the Moon, as Apollo 17 left on December 14, 1972, and there hasn't been a manned Moon landing since, launched by any nation.

But when Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the Moon at 10:56 PM Eastern Time on that magical night, and said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind," it felt like the ultimate achievement. Like we could do anything. As baseball historian Robert Creamer liked to say of Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in 1941, "We did that. One of our boys. One of the human race did this marvelous thing."

And then, as Jerry Seinfeld pointed out in 1994, on the 25th Anniversary, everything we've done since, or have failed to do since, "is measured against that one momentous act." You know the saying: "If we can put a man on the Moon, why can't we (do some far simpler act)?"

*

On July 20, 2010 -- it should have been a year earlier, on the 40th Anniversary of the event -- I listed the Major League Baseball games played on July 20, 1969, which was a Sunday. I did this because I'm a sports nut and a history buff. At the time, I did not know that I would end up making a regular "Scores On This Historic Day" feature for this blog 10 years later.

So, by allowing myself to copy-and-paste those scores today, I inadvertently gave myself a lucky break 11 years in advance.

According to an oft-told tale, in 1963, Gaylord Perry, a pretty good pitcher who made it to the Hall of Fame (some would say by cheating with illegal pitches), was taking batting practice with the San Francisco Giants, and their manager, Alvin Dark, said that man would land on the Moon before Perry hit a home run.

Well, Perry did indeed hit his 1st major league home run -- his 1st of 6, as it turned out -- on July 20, 1969, apparently just a few minutes after Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, but a few hours before Armstrong stepped onto its surface. So did Dark, or anyone else, actually make this dubious, but oh-so-slightly true, prediction? It's uncertain.

On July 20, 1969, the Yankees were playing the Washington Senators, managed by Ted Williams, at the old Yankee Stadium. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Roy White doubled, and Gene Michael (not exactly a clutch hitter, not exactly any kind of hitter for that matter) singled him home to win, 3-2.

The scoreboard at Yankee Stadium,

announcing the landing (not the Moonwalk).

Other games on Moonday:

* The Mets split a doubleheader with the expansion Montreal Expos at Jarry Park in Montreal. The Expos won the 1st game, 3-2, with a Mack Jones homer off Gary Gentry making a winner of Gary Waslewski.

The Mets did recover pretty well from this one, starting with winning the 2nd game, 4-3, with a 10th-inning sequence very similar to the one the Yankees had in their game: A double by a starting outfielder with a lot of promise, in this case Ron Swoboda, followed by a game-winning single by a light-hitting infielder, in this case Bobby Pfeil. Don Cardwell started the nightcap for the Mets, but Ron Taylor blew a save before Jack DiLauro turned out to be the winning pitcher.

* The Phillies lost a doubleheader to the Chicago Cubs, 1-0 and 6-1 at Connie Mack Stadium in Philadelphia, with Ferguson Jenkins outdueling Grant Jackson in the 1st game and Dick Selma beating Bill Champion in the 2nd.

* The Boston Red Sox beat the Baltimore Orioles, 6-5 at Fenway Park in Boston.

* The California Angels split a doubleheader with the Oakland Athletics at Anaheim Stadium in the Los Angeles suburb of Anaheim, California. The Angels took the 1st game, 7-3. This was the major league debut of Vida Blue, and he was the losing pitcher. The A's won the 2nd game, 9-6. Over the 2 games, Reggie Jackson went 4-for-8 with a home run and 3 RBIs, and Sal Bando went 5-for-8 with 5 RBIs.

* Another doubleheader was played at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. The Detroit Tigers beat the Cleveland Indians in the opener, 3-2; the Tribe took the nightcap, 5-4 in 10 innings.

* It must have rained all over the country the day before, because a 5th doubleheader was played, at Comiskey Park in Chicago. The expansion Kansas City Royals swept the White Sox, winning the 1st game 8-6, then taking the 2nd 3-2 in 11.

* The Minnesota Twins beat the expansion Seattle Pilots (soon to become the Milwaukee Brewers), 4-0 at Sick's Stadium in Seattle.

In his memoir of the 1969 season, Ball Four, Pilots pitcher Jim Bouton wrote:  

If you want to know what aspect of the moon landing was discussed most, in the bullpen it was the sex life of the astronauts. We thought it a terrible arrangement that they should go three weeks or more without any sex life. (Pitcher John) Gelnar said that if those scientists were really on the ball they would have provided three germ-free broads for the astronauts.

* The Atlanta Braves pounded the expansion San Diego Padres, 10-0 at what was then known as Atlanta Stadium (later Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium). Hank Aaron got 2 hits, but neither was a home run. The Braves did get a homer from a future Hall-of-Famer, Orlando Cepeda.

* And in the game where Perry hit his 1st big-league homer, the Giants were playing their arch-rivals, the Los Angeles Dodgers, at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. The Giants won, 7-3.

May 3, 1921: The Partition of Ireland

Map showing "Ireland's Four Courts"

May 3, 1921: The United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act, creating the province of Northern Ireland, separate from what is then called the Irish Free State.

Of the traditional "Ireland's Four Courts," Ulster, with its 6 Counties of Antrim (including the capital of Belfast), Down, Armagh, Tyrone, Fermanagh and Derry, became Northern Ireland. The other three remained part of Ireland proper:

* Leinster: Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois (pronounced "Leesh"), Longford, Louth, Meath, Offaly, Westmeath, Wexford and Wicklow.

* Munster: Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. And:

* Connaught: Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon and Sligo.

This partition of Ireland intended both territories to remain within the UK, and contained provisions for their eventual reunification. The smaller Northern Ireland was duly created with a devolved government (Home Rule), and remained part of the UK. The larger Southern Ireland was not recognized by most of its citizens, who instead recognized the self-declared 32-county Irish Republic.

Sent to London to negotiate peace terms, Michael Collins was offered a treaty that would establish the Irish Free State -- with an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown. The British Crown, held by King George V. In other words, this "Free State" would have another nation's head of state as its own -- just like Canada, Australia, and a few other "independent nations."

Collins accepted this compromise, calling it "the freedom to achieve freedom." Some in the Provisional Government did not, and the end of the Irish War of Independence led to the beginning of the Irish Civil War. This led to Collins' assassination on August 22, 1922.

On January 7, 1922, Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratified the Anglo-Irish Treaty by a vote of 64–57 at Leinster House in Dublin.

On December 6, 1922, the Partition was complete. At that time, the territory of Southern Ireland left the UK,  and became the Irish Free State, now known as the Republic of Ireland.

Up until that moment, the British Empire had been at its greatest extent, ruling over one-quarter of the world's land, and over one-quarter of the world's people. That would never be the case again: Over the next 60 years, while some of the Empire would become part of the British Commonwealth, most of it would carry out its own "Brexit," and the old saying, "The Sun never sets on the British Empire," would no longer be true.

Today, the population of Northern Ireland is a little under 2 million, slightly more Protestant than Catholic; while that of the vast-majority-Catholic Republic is just under 5 million. The UK's recent "Brexit" deal has essentially reestablished a border between them.

*

May 3, 1921 was a Tuesday. These baseball games were played:

* The New York Yankees beat the Boston Red Sox, 2-0 at Fenway Park in Boston. Babe Ruth went 0-for-4, but catcher Wally Schang went 4-for-4. Bill Percy allowed 10 hits, but kept the shutout, outpitching future Yankee Herb Pennock.

* The New York Giants beat the Boston Braves, 7-2 at the Polo Grounds.

* The Brooklyn Robins (as the Dodgers were known while Wilbert Robinson managed them from 1914 to 1931) beat the Philadelphia Phillies, 4-3 at Ebbets Field. Brooklyn trailed 3-2 going to the bottom of the 9th, but a single by Zack Wheat and a triple by Ed Konetchy won the game.

* The Washington Senators beat the Philadelphia Athletics, 4-2 at Shibe Park in Philadelphia. Joe Judge tripled home 2 runs in the top of the 10th inning.

* And the the Detroit Tigers beat the Chicago White Sox, 13-1 at Navin Field (later Briggs Stadium and Tiger Stadium) in Detroit. Ty Cobb went 1-for-4 with a walk and 2 RBIs. Luzerne "Lu" Blue went 2-for-4 with 5 RBIs. For the White Sox, Eddie Collins went 1-for-4.

April 24, 1916: The Easter Rising

The General Post Office, after the Rising

April 24, 1916: The Easter Rising begins in Dublin, Ireland on Easter Monday. It is considered the birth of the Republic of Ireland.

The Rising was launched by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, trying to take advantage of the British Empire being distracted by World War I. The Irish Volunteers, led by Patrick Pearse, and the Irish Citizen Army, led by James Connolly, seized major buildings in the Irish capital of Dublin, including the General Post Office, from which the Republic was proclaimed. (There would not be any organization using the name "Irish Republican Army" until 1919.)

The British Army fought back, and surrounded the rebel positions with artillery. It was a mismatch: On Saturday, April 29, Pearse surrendered. Over the course of 6 days of fighting, 469 people were killed: 260 civilians, 143 British military and/or police, and 66 Irish rebels.

The British took about 3,500 people prisoner. Following courts-martial, 16 rebels were executed by firing squad, including Pearse on May 3, at age 36; his brother Willie Pearse on May 4, 34; and Connolly on May 12, at 47.

The reaction of the world outside the British Empire, including a great Irish diaspora which had settled largely in America, was that the British had overreacted. (They had done this many times before, in many places in their Empire, including in America in the 1770s.) The remaining rebels received a great deal of outside aid. New leaders emerged, such as Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera. Ireland was partitioned in 1921, with the 6 Counties of Ulster staying in the United Kingdom, and the other 26 Counties forming the Republic of Ireland.

*

As I said, April 24, 1916 was a Monday. There was no NFL or NBA yet. Nor was there an NHL, and the Stanley Cup had been won on March 30, with the Montreal Canadiens winning their 1st Cup, defeating the 1st American team to compete for it, the Portland Rosebuds of Oregon. The Canadiens have now won 24 of them, a record.

These Major League Baseball games were played on the day of the Easter Rising:

* The New York Yankees lost to the Washington Senators, 8-2 at National Park in Washington. It was renamed Griffith Stadium in 1922. Walter Johnson went the distance, and Bob Shawkey was knocked out of the box in the 4th inning.

* The Boston Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Athletics, 4-0 at Shibe Park in Philadelphia. Hubert "Dutch" Leonard allowed 8 hits, but kept the shutout.

* The St. Louis Cardinals beat the Cincinnati Reds, 5-2 at Redland Field in Cincinnati. It was renamed Crosley Field in 1934.

* The Detroit Tigers beat the Chicago White Sox, 4-2 at Navin Field in Detroit. It was renamed Briggs Stadium in 1938, and Tiger Stadium in 1961. Ty Cobb did not play for the Tigers that day. For the White Sox, Shoeless Joe Jackson went 1-for-4.

* The Cleveland Indians beat the St. Louis Browns, 5-4 at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis.

* The New York Giants and the Philadelphia Phillies were supposed to play at the Polo Grounds, but got rained out. The game was rescheduled as part of a doubleheader on September 9. The Giants swept, 3-1 and 3-0, with William "Pol" Perritt pitching a 4-hit shutout. The losing pitcher for the Phillies was Albert "Chief" Bender, the Chippewa tribesman who built a Hall of Fame career a few blocks away with the Athletics.

* The Brooklyn Dodgers (then known as the Robins, for manager Wilbert Robinson) and the Boston Braves were supposed to play at Braves Field, but got rained out. The game was rescheduled as part of a doubleheader on September 8. Brooklyn swept, 6-2 and 4-0, with Sherry Smith pitching a 4-hit shutout.

* And the Chicago Cubs and the Pittsburgh Pirates were supposed to play at Weeghman Park in Chicago (renamed Cubs Park in 1918 and Wrigley Field in 1926), but were rained out. The game was rescheduled as part of a doubleheader on May 8. The Cubs won the opener, 2-1. The Pirates won the nightcap, 6-4.